PEP 585：标准多项集中的类型标注泛型

字面上有点难理解，我也是懵圈中

看了下官网的解释：https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0585/

大概了解下来我用实例演示下

从Python 3.7到Python 3.8之前我们可以这样创建函数了

比如我要获取一个List的长度

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$ python
Python 3.8.6 (default, Oct  8 2020, 14:06:32)
[Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.2)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import typing
>>> def get_value_length(l: typing.List[str]) -> int:
...     return len(l)
...
>>> get_value_length([1,2,4])
3

但是如果我要像下面这样创建是不行的

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$ python
Python 3.8.6 (default, Oct  8 2020, 14:06:32)
[Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.2)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> def get_value_length(l: List[str]) -> int:
...     return len(l)
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'List' is not defined

或者

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>>> def get_value_length(l: list[str]) -> int:
...     return len(l)
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'type' object is not subscriptable

但是现在在Python 3.9中这个事情就变的简单了

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$ /usr/local/Cellar/[email protected]/3.9.0/bin/python3
Python 3.9.0 (default, Oct  6 2020, 04:17:54)
[Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.2)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> def get_value_length(l: list[str]) -> int:
...     return len(l)
...
>>> get_value_length([1,2,3])
3
>>> get_value_length(['1','2','3'])
3

这里我只演示了list

其实还有很多类似这样的，如下

• tuple # typing.Tuple
• list # typing.List
• dict # typing.Dict
• set # typing.Set
• frozenset # typing.FrozenSet
• type # typing.Type
• collections.deque
• collections.defaultdict
• collections.OrderedDict
• collections.Counter
• collections.ChainMap
• collections.abc.Awaitable
• collections.abc.Coroutine
• collections.abc.AsyncIterable
• collections.abc.AsyncIterator
• collections.abc.AsyncGenerator
• collections.abc.Iterable
• collections.abc.Iterator
• collections.abc.Generator
• collections.abc.Reversible
• collections.abc.Container
• collections.abc.Collection
• collections.abc.Callable
• collections.abc.Set # typing.AbstractSet
• collections.abc.MutableSet
• collections.abc.Mapping
• collections.abc.MutableMapping
• collections.abc.Sequence
• collections.abc.MutableSequence
• collections.abc.ByteString
• collections.abc.MappingView
• collections.abc.KeysView
• collections.abc.ItemsView
• collections.abc.ValuesView
• contextlib.AbstractContextManager # typing.ContextManager
• contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager # typing.AsyncContextManager
• re.Pattern # typing.Pattern, typing.re.Pattern
• re.Match # typing.Match, typing.re.Match

不过对于我来说也许我也就用到下面几个

• tuple # typing.Tuple
• list # typing.List
• dict # typing.Dict
• set # typing.Set
• frozenset # typing.FrozenSet
• type # typing.Type

完全个人理解，仅供参考